# 第02章 软件设计七大原则

# 2.1 开闭原则

定义:一个软件实体如类、模块和函数应该对扩展开放,对修改关闭;

用抽象构建框架,用实现扩展细节;(实现开闭原则的方式:面向抽象编程

优点:提高软件系统的可复用性及可维护性;

Coding:

# 2.1.1 第一版

Icourse.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.openclose;
public interface ICourse {
    Integer getId();
    String getName();
    Double getPrice();
}
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JavaCourse.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.openclose;
public class JavaCourse implements ICourse {
    private Integer id;
    private String name;
    private Double price;

    public JavaCourse(Integer id, String name, Double price) {
        this.id = id;
        this.name = name;
        this.price = price;
    }

    public Integer getId() {
        return this.id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return this.name;
    }

    public Double getPrice() {
        return this.price;
    }
}
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Test.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.openclose;
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ICourse javaCourse = new JavaCourse(96, "Java从零到企业级电商开发", 348d);
        //实际项目中System.out.println()尽量不用(禁止),因为System.out.println()中是有锁的
        System.out.println("课程ID:" + javaCourse.getId() + " 课程名称:" + javaCourse.getName() + " 课程价格:" + javaCourse.getPrice());
    }
}
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结果:

1547991455663

类结构图:

1547991514342

# 2.1.2 第二版

增加一个打折接口

package com.wangchao.design.principle.openclose;

public interface ICourse {
    Integer getId();
    String getName();
    Double getPrice();
    Double getDiscountPrice();
}
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修改实现类

package com.wangchao.design.principle.openclose;

public class JavaCourse implements ICourse {
    private Integer id;
    private String name;
    private Double price;

    public JavaCourse(Integer id, String name, Double price) {
        this.id = id;
        this.name = name;
        this.price = price;
    }

    public Integer getId() {
        return this.id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return this.name;
    }

    public Double getPrice() {
        return this.price;
    }

    public Double getDiscountPrice() {
        return this.price*0.8;
    }
}
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功能是实现了,但是不但改动了接口,还改动了实现类,如果实现类较多,那么改动的地方就更多了。

接口是不应该经常改动的,应该是稳定且可靠的

# 2.1.3 第三版

由继承实现增加获取打折后价格功能,不修改ICourse\JavaCourse类

增加JavaDiscountCourse.java类

package com.wangchao.design.principle.openclose;

public class JavaDiscountCourse extends JavaCourse {
    public JavaDiscountCourse(Integer id, String name, Double price) {
        super(id, name, price);
    }

    public Double getOriginPrice(){
        return super.getPrice();
    }

    public Double getDiscountPrice(){
        return super.getPrice()*0.8;
    }
}
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Test.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.openclose;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ICourse iCourse = new JavaDiscountCourse(96, "Java从零到企业级电商开发", 348d);
        JavaDiscountCourse javaCourse = (JavaDiscountCourse) iCourse;
        //实际项目中System.out.println()尽量不用(禁止),因为System.out.println()中是有锁的
        System.out.println("课程ID:" + javaCourse.getId() + " 课程名称:" + javaCourse.getName() + " 课程原价:" + javaCourse.getOriginPrice() + " 课程折后价格:" + javaCourse.getDiscountPrice() + "元");
    }
}
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1547991974563

1547991998664

# 2.2 依赖倒置原则

**定义:**高层模块不应该依赖低层模块,二者都应该依赖其抽象;

抽象不应该依赖细节;细节应该依赖抽象;

针对接口编程,不要针对实现编程;

**优点:**可以减少类间的耦合性、提高系统稳定性、提高代码可读性和可维护性、可降低修改程序所造成的风险;

# 2.2.1 第一版

面向实现编程:Clare目前正在学习两门课程Java和FE

Clare.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;

public class Clare {
    public void studyJavaCourse() {
        System.out.println("Clare在学习Java课程");
    }
    public void studyFECourse() {
        System.out.println("Clare在学习FE课程");
    }
}
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Test.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Clare clare = new Clare();
        clare.studyJavaCourse();
        clare.studyFECourse();
    }
}
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1547992285261

现在Clare需要再增加一门Python的学习,面向实现编程改变如下:

Clare.java中增加方法:

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;

public class Clare {
    public void studyJavaCourse() {
        System.out.println("Clare在学习Java课程");
    }
    public void studyFECourse() {
        System.out.println("Clare在学习FE课程");
    }
    public void studyPythonCourse() {
        System.out.println("Clare在学习Python课程");
    }
}
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Test.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Clare clare = new Clare();
        clare.studyJavaCourse();
        clare.studyFECourse();
        clare.studyPythonCourse();
    }
}
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1547992428938

这种面向实现编程会导致Clare中经常需要修改代码,Clare属于低层模块,Test属于高层模块,Test依赖低层的模块,即依赖于具体实现,Test中扩展什么都需要去Clare中扩展进行补充

# 2.2.2 第二版

面向接口编程:增加ICourse接口

ICourse.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;

public interface ICourse {
    void studyCourse();
}
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创建实现类:(需要学习新的课程可以扩展实现即可)

JavaCourse.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;

public class JavaCourse implements ICourse {
    public void studyCourse() {
        System.out.println("Clare在学习Java课程");
    }
}
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FECourse.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;

public class FECourse implements ICourse {
    public void studyCourse() {
        System.out.println("Clare在学习FE课程");
    }
}
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PythonCourse.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;

public class PythonCourse implements ICourse {
    public void studyCourse() {
        System.out.println("Clare在学习Python课程");
    }
}
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Clare.java 第一种实现方式 不使用注入的方式

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;
public class Clare {
    public void studyITCourse(ICourse iCourse){
        iCourse.studyCourse();
    }
}
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此时 Test.java为:

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Clare clare = new Clare();
        clare.studyITCourse(new JavaCourse());
        clare.studyITCourse(new FECourse());
        clare.studyITCourse(new PythonCourse());
    }
}
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Clare.java 第二种实现方式 使用构造器注入

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;
public class Clare {
    private ICourse iCourse;

    public Clare(ICourse iCourse) {
        this.iCourse = iCourse;
    }

    public void studyITCourse(){
        iCourse.studyCourse();
    }
}
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此时Test.java变为:

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Clare clare = new Clare(new JavaCourse());
        clare.studyITCourse();
    }
}
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如果注入的是DAO,那么可以这样做,具体依赖于DAO的方法,但本处不适用,不能学习多种课程

Clare.java 第三种实现方式 使用setter注入

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;
public class Clare {
    private ICourse iCourse;

    public void setiCourse(ICourse iCourse) {
        this.iCourse = iCourse;
    }
    public void studyITCourse(){
        iCourse.studyCourse();
    }
}
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此时Test.java变为:

package com.wangchao.design.principle.dependenceinversion;
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Clare clare = new Clare();
        clare.setiCourse(new JavaCourse());
        clare.studyITCourse();

        clare.setiCourse(new PythonCourse());
        clare.studyITCourse();
    }
}
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1547992734282

# 2.3 单一职责原则

定义:不要存在多于一个导致类变更的原因

一个类/接口/方法只负责一项职责

优点:降低类的复杂度、提高类的可读性;提高系统的可维护性、降低变更引起的风险

# 2.3.1 类 的单一职责

不符合单一职责原则示例:

package com.wangchao.design.principle.singleresponsibility;

public class Bird {
    public void mainMoveMode(String birdName) {
        if ("鸵鸟".equals(birdName)) {
            System.out.println(birdName + "用脚走");
        } else {
            System.out.println(birdName+"用翅膀飞");
        }
    }
}
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Test.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.singleresponsibility;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Bird bird = new Bird();
        bird.mainMoveMode("大雁");
        bird.mainMoveMode("鸵鸟");
    }
}
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1547992878380

修改如下:

1547992892437

FlyBird.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.singleresponsibility;

public class FlyBird {
    public void mainMoveMode(String birdName) {
        System.out.println(birdName + "用翅膀飞");
    }
}
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WalkBird.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.singleresponsibility;

public class WalkBird {
    public void mainMoveMode(String birdName) {
        System.out.println(birdName + "用脚走");
    }
}
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Test.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.singleresponsibility;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FlyBird flyBird = new FlyBird();
        flyBird.mainMoveMode("大雁");

        WalkBird walkBird = new WalkBird();
        walkBird.mainMoveMode("鸵鸟");
    }
}
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# 2.3.2 接口 的单一职责

package com.wangchao.design.principle.singleresponsibility;

public interface ICourse {
    // 课程内容相关接口
    String getCourseName();
    byte[] getCourseVideo();

    // 课程管理相关接口
    void studyCourse();
    void refundCourse();
}
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按照单一职责原则可以调整为:

ICourseContent.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.singleresponsibility;

public interface ICourseContent {
    String getCourseName();
    byte[] getCourseVideo();
}
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ICourseManager.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.singleresponsibility;

public interface ICourseManager {
    void studyCourse();
    void refundCourse();
}
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CourseImpl.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.singleresponsibility;

public class CourseImpl implements ICourseContent,ICourseManager {
    public String getCourseName() {
        return null;
    }

    public byte[] getCourseVideo() {
        return new byte[0];
    }

    public void studyCourse() {
    }

    public void refundCourse() {
    }
}
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类图:

1547993123171

# 2.3.3 方法 的单一职责

package com.wangchao.design.principle.singleresponsibility;

public class Method {
    private void updateUserInfo(String userName,String address){
        userName = "clare";
        address = "beijing";
    }

    private void updateUserInfo(String userName,String... properties){
        userName = "clare";
//        address = "beijing";
    }

    private void updateUsername(String userName){
        userName = "clare";
    }
    private void updateUserAddress(String address){
        address = "beijing";
    }

    private void updateUserInfo(String userName,String address,boolean bool){
        if(bool){
            //todo something1
        }else{
            //todo something2
        }
        //这种情况通常需要拆分为两个方法
    }
}
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实际开发中为了避免类的爆炸性增长,通知只会使用了接口和方法的单一职责

# 2.4 接口隔离原则

定义:用多个专门的接口,而不使用单一的总接口,客户端不应该依赖它不需要的接口;

注意:

  • 一个类对一个类的依赖应该建立在最小的接口上;
  • 建立单一接口,不要建立庞大臃肿的接口;
  • 尽量细化接口,接口中的方法尽量少;
  • 注意适度原则,一定要适度

优点:符合我们常说的高内聚低耦合的设计思想,从而使得类具有很好的可读性、可扩展性和可维护性。

原始设计:

1547993281146

package com.wangchao.design.principle.interfacesegregation;

public interface IAnimalAction {
    void eat();
    void fly();
    void swim();
}

package com.wangchao.design.principle.interfacesegregation;

public class Bird implements IAnimalAction {
    public void eat() {
    }

    public void fly() {
    }

    public void swim() {
    }
}

package com.wangchao.design.principle.interfacesegregation;

public class Dog implements IAnimalAction {
    public void eat() {
    }

    public void fly() {
    }

    public void swim() {
    }
}
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使用接口隔离原则修改:

1547993361225

package com.wangchao.design.principle.interfacesegregation;

public interface IAnimalAction {
    void eat();
}

package com.wangchao.design.principle.interfacesegregation;

public interface IFlyAnimalAction extends IAnimalAction {
    void fly();
}

package com.wangchao.design.principle.interfacesegregation;

public interface ISwimAnimalAction extends IAnimalAction {
    void swim();
}

package com.wangchao.design.principle.interfacesegregation;

public class Bird implements IFlyAnimalAction {
    public void fly() {
    }

    public void eat() {
    }
}

package com.wangchao.design.principle.interfacesegregation;

public class Dog implements ISwimAnimalAction {
    public void swim() {
    }

    public void eat() {
    }
}
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# 2.5 迪米特法则(最少知道原则)

定义:一个对象应该对其他对象保持最少的了解,又叫最少知道原则;

尽量降低类与类之间的耦合;

优点:降低类之间的耦合;

注意:在使用迪米特法则的时候,需要反复权衡,既要做到结构清晰,又要做到低耦合、高内聚

强调只和朋友交流,不和陌生人说话

朋友:出现在成员变量、方法的输入、输出参数中的类称为成员朋友类,而出现在方法体内部的类不属于朋友类;

# 2.5.1 不符合迪米特法则示例

1547995914717

package com.wangchao.design.principle.demeter;

public class Course {
}
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package com.wangchao.design.principle.demeter;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Boss {
    public void commandCheckNumber(TeamLeader teamLeader){
        List<Course> courseList = new ArrayList<Course>();
        for(int i = 0 ;i < 20;i++){
            courseList.add(new Course());
        }
        teamLeader.checkNumberOfCourses(courseList);
    }
}
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package com.wangchao.design.principle.demeter;

import java.util.List;

public class TeamLeader {
    public void checkNumberOfCourses(List<Course> courseList){
        System.out.println("在线课程的数量是:"+courseList.size());
    }

}
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package com.wangchao.design.principle.demeter;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Boss boss = new Boss();
        TeamLeader teamLeader = new TeamLeader();
        boss.commandCheckNumber(teamLeader);
    }
}
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1547996012595

# 2.5.2 修改为符合迪米特法则

上面的Course不应该由Boss来创建,Boss只需要关注TeamLeader,而Course由TeamLeader来创建

1547996199158

package com.wangchao.design.principle.demeter;

public class Boss {
    public void commandCheckNumber(TeamLeader teamLeader){
        teamLeader.checkNumberOfCourses();
    }
}
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package com.wangchao.design.principle.demeter;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class TeamLeader {
    public void checkNumberOfCourses(){
        List<Course> courseList = new ArrayList<Course>();
        for(int i = 0 ;i < 20;i++){
            courseList.add(new Course());
        }
        System.out.println("在线课程的数量是:"+courseList.size());
    }
}
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package com.wangchao.design.principle.demeter;

public class Course {
}
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package com.wangchao.design.principle.demeter;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Boss boss = new Boss();
        TeamLeader teamLeader = new TeamLeader();
        boss.commandCheckNumber(teamLeader);
    }
}
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# 2.6 里式替换原则

定义:如果对每一个类型为T1的对象o1,都有类型为T2的对象o2,使得以T1定义的所有程序P在所有的对象o1都替换成o2时,程序P的行为没有发生变化,那么类型T2是类型T1的子类型;

定义扩展:一个软件实体如果适用一个父类的话,那一定适用于其子类,所有引用父类的地方必须能透明地适用其子类的对象,子类对象能够替换父类对象,而程序逻辑不变;

引申意义:子类可以扩展父类的功能,但不能改变父类原有的功能;

  • 含义01:子类可以实现父类的抽象方法,但不能覆盖父类的非抽象方法;
  • 含义02:子类中可以增加自己特有的方法;
  • 含义03:当子类的方法重载父类的方法时,方法的前置条件(即方法的入参\输入)要比父类方法的输入参数更宽松;
  • 含义04:当子类的方法实现父类的方法式(重写/重载或实现抽象方法)方法的后置条件(即方法的输出\返回值)要比父类更严格或相等;

对前面的开闭原则中的类进行修改,使之符合里式替换原则

package com.wangchao.design.principle.openclose;

public class JavaDiscountCourse extends JavaCourse {
    public JavaDiscountCourse(Integer id, String name, Double price) {
        super(id, name, price);
    }

/*    public Double getOriginPrice(){
        return super.getPrice();
    }*/

    public Double getDiscountPrice(){
        return super.getPrice()*0.8;
    }
}
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Test.java

package com.wangchao.design.principle.openclose;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ICourse iCourse = new JavaDiscountCourse(96, "Java从零到企业级电商开发", 348d);
        JavaDiscountCourse javaCourse = (JavaDiscountCourse) iCourse;
        //实际项目中System.out.println()尽量不用(禁止),因为System.out.println()中是有锁的
        System.out.println("课程ID:" + javaCourse.getId() + " 课程名称:" + javaCourse.getName() + " 课程原价:" + javaCourse.getPrice() + " 课程折后价格:" + javaCourse.getDiscountPrice() + "元");
    }
}
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  • 优点01:约束继承泛滥,开闭原则的一种体现;
  • 优点02:加强程序的健壮性,同时变更时也可以做到非常好的兼容性,提供程序的维护性、扩展性,降低需求变更时引入的风险;

# 2.6.1 不符合里式替换原则示例

假设有一个长方形和一个正方形的类,正方形继承于长方形,应用类中有一个resize长方形的边的方法

长方形:

package com.wangchao.design.principle.liskovsubstitution;

public class Rectangle {
    private long length;
    private long width;
    
    public long getWidth() {
        return width;
    }


    public long getLength() {
        return length;
    }

    public void setLength(long length) {
        this.length = length;
    }

    public void setWidth(long width) {
        this.width = width;
    }
}
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正方形:

package com.wangchao.design.principle.liskovsubstitution;

public class Rectangle {
    private long length;
    private long width;

    public long getWidth() {
        return width;
    }


    public long getLength() {
        return length;
    }

    public void setLength(long length) {
        this.length = length;
    }

    public void setWidth(long width) {
        this.width = width;
    }
}
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验证正方形是否可以替换长方形

package com.wangchao.design.principle.liskovsubstitution;

public class Test {
    public static void resize(Rectangle rectangle){
        while (rectangle.getWidth() <= rectangle.getLength()){
            rectangle.setWidth(rectangle.getWidth()+1);
            System.out.println("width:"+rectangle.getWidth() + " length:"+rectangle.getLength());
        }
        System.out.println("resize方法结束 width:"+rectangle.getWidth() + " length:"+rectangle.getLength());
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle();
        rectangle.setWidth(10);
        rectangle.setLength(20);
        resize(rectangle);
    }
}
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1547998233149

package com.wangchao.design.principle.liskovsubstitution;

public class Test {
    public static void resize(Rectangle rectangle){
        while (rectangle.getWidth() <= rectangle.getLength()){
            rectangle.setWidth(rectangle.getWidth()+1);
            System.out.println("width:"+rectangle.getWidth() + " length:"+rectangle.getLength());
        }
        System.out.println("resize方法结束 width:"+rectangle.getWidth() + " length:"+rectangle.getLength());
    }

    /*public static void main(String[] args) {
        Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle();
        rectangle.setWidth(10);
        rectangle.setLength(20);
        resize(rectangle);
    }*/
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Square square = new Square();
        square.setLength(10);
        resize(square);
    }
}
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1547998281601

可以看出,当长方形替换为正方形的时候,出现了死循环,resize方法直到内存溢出才会停止,所有不符合里式替换原则

# 2.6.2 符合里式替换原则示例

创建长方形和正方形的实现--四边形

package com.wangchao.design.principle.liskovsubstitution;

public interface Quadrangle {
    long getWidth();
    long getLength();
}
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长方形

package com.wangchao.design.principle.liskovsubstitution;

public class Rectangle implements Quadrangle {
    private long length;
    private long width;

    public long getWidth() {
        return width;
    }

    public long getLength() {
        return length;
    }

    public void setLength(long length) {
        this.length = length;
    }

    public void setWidth(long width) {
        this.width = width;
    }
}
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正方形

package com.wangchao.design.principle.liskovsubstitution;

public class Square implements Quadrangle {
    private long sideLength;

    public long getSideLength() {
        return sideLength;
    }

    public void setSideLength(long sideLength) {
        this.sideLength = sideLength;
    }

    public long getWidth() {
        return getSideLength();
    }

    public long getLength() {
        return getSideLength();
    }
}
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此时,resize方法变不能接受正方形的对象了:

package com.wangchao.design.principle.liskovsubstitution;

public class Test {
    public static void resize(Rectangle rectangle){
        while (rectangle.getWidth() <= rectangle.getLength()){
            rectangle.setWidth(rectangle.getWidth()+1);
            System.out.println("width:"+rectangle.getWidth() + " length:"+rectangle.getLength());
        }
        System.out.println("resize方法结束 width:"+rectangle.getWidth() + " length:"+rectangle.getLength());
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle();
        rectangle.setWidth(10);
        rectangle.setLength(20);
        resize(rectangle);
    }
}
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# 2.6.3 方法的入参

当子类的方法重载父类的方法时,方法的前置条件(即方法的入参\输入)要比父类方法的输入参数更宽松;

父类

package com.wangchao.design.principle.liskovsubstitution.methodinput;

import java.util.HashMap;

public class Base {
    public void method(HashMap map){
        System.out.println("父类被执行");
    }
}
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子类

package com.wangchao.design.principle.liskovsubstitution.methodinput;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class Child extends Base {
    // 重写
    /*@Override
    public void method(HashMap map) {
        System.out.println("子类HashMap入参方法被执行");
    }*/
    
    // 重载
    public void method(Map map) {
        System.out.println("子类HashMap入参方法被执行");
    }
}
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Test

package com.wangchao.design.principle.liskovsubstitution.methodinput;

import java.util.HashMap;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Child child = new Child();
        HashMap hashMap = new HashMap();
        child.method(hashMap);
    }
}
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1548512438617

可以看到,子类的Map比父类的HashMap的范围要宽松,子类的方法永远不会被执行;

如果,换一下,将父类变作Map,子类变作HashMap,则将会执行子类的方法

public class Base {
    public void method(Map map){
        System.out.println("父类被执行");
    }
}

public class Child extends Base {
    // 重载
    public void method(HashMap map) {
        System.out.println("子类HashMap入参方法被执行");
    }
}

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Child child = new Child();
        HashMap hashMap = new HashMap();
        child.method(hashMap);
    }
}
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1548512735866

这就违反了里式替换原则,所以我们在使用子类重载父类的方法时,方法的前置条件(即方法的入参\输入)一定要比父类方法的输入参数更宽松,如果相同的话,就目前这个case而言,那就不是重载了,而是重写,所以相同也可以,宽松也可以。重写的话,肯定就是执行子类了在Test案例中,将接受的Child替换为Base也是可以的。

# 2.6.4 方法的输出

当子类的方法实现父类的方法式(重写/重载或实现抽象方法)方法的后置条件(即方法的输出\返回值)要比父类更严格或相等;

public abstract class Base {
    public abstract Map method();
}

public class Child extends Base {
    @Override
    public HashMap method() {
        HashMap hashMap = new HashMap();
        System.out.println("子类method被执行");
        hashMap.put("message","子类method被执行");
        return hashMap;
    }
}

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Child child = new Child();
        System.out.println(child.method());
    }
}
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或者

public abstract class Base {
    public abstract Map method();
}

public class Child extends Base {
    @Override
    public Map method() {
        HashMap hashMap = new HashMap();
        System.out.println("子类method被执行");
        hashMap.put("message","子类method被执行");
        return hashMap;
    }
}

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Child child = new Child();
        System.out.println(child.method());
    }
}
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结果都一样:

1548513294118

# 2.7 合成复用原则(组合复用原则)

定义:尽量使用对象组合/聚合,而不是继承关系达到软件复用的目的

聚合:has a

组合:contains a

优点:可以使系统更加灵活,降低类与类之间的耦合度,一个类的变化对其他类造成的影响相对较少;

何时使用合成/聚合、继承:聚合has a、组合contains a 继承 is a

# 2.7.1 单纯的使用继承的模式

1548513995892

public class DBConnection {
    public String getConnection(){
        return "MySQL数据库连接";
    }
}

public class ProductDao extends DBConnection{
    public void addProduct(){
        String conn = super.getConnection();
        System.out.println("使用"+conn+"增加产品");
    }
}

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ProductDao productDao = new ProductDao();
        productDao.addProduct();
    }
}
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结果:

1548514137278

# 2.7.2 使用组合的模式

1548514485895

public abstract class DBConnection {
    public abstract String getConnection();
}

public class MySQLConnection extends DBConnection {
    @Override
    public String getConnection() {
        return "MySQL数据库连接";
    }
}

public class PostgreSQLConnection extends DBConnection {
    @Override
    public String getConnection() {
        return "PostgreSQL数据库连接";
    }
}

public class ProductDao{
    private DBConnection dbConnection;

    public void setDbConnection(DBConnection dbConnection) {
        this.dbConnection = dbConnection;
    }

    public void addProduct(){
        String conn = dbConnection.getConnection();
        System.out.println("使用"+conn+"增加产品");
    }
}

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ProductDao productDao = new ProductDao();
        productDao.setDbConnection(new PostgreSQLConnection());
        productDao.addProduct();
        productDao.setDbConnection(new MySQLConnection());
        productDao.addProduct();
    }
}
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结果:

1548514597719

Last Updated: 10/20/2019, 11:49:45 PM